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Arabic grammar. Credit goes to resources listed at end.
التوابع (followers: and their declension is not due to any عامل acting on them, but solely
due to following a preceding word)
1. النعت (or صفة)
it describes:
a quality of the followed word: جاءني رجل عالم. It follows the
متبوع in 10 things:
1-3. الإعراب الثلاث
4. التعريف
5. التنكير
6. الإفراد
7. التثنية
8. الجمع
9. التذكير
10.التأنيث
something connected to it: جاءني رجل عالم أبوه (A man came, whose
father was knowledgeable). It only follows in the first 5 items: (النساء:٧٥)ق:مِن هَذِهِ
الْقَرْيَةِ الظَّالِمِ أَهْلُهَا
Not a ضمير nor can a ضمير be a نعت
its uses:
1. specifying the منعوت when it is نكرة . Note that the نعت may
also be a جملة خبرية: مررت برجل أبوه عالم/ قام أبوه
2. clarifying the منعوت when it is معرفة : الرجل العالم
3. for praise only: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
4. for ridicule/dispraise: أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم
5. for emphasis: (ق:نَفْخَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ(الحاقة:١٣
2. العطف بالحرف (or عطف النسْق)
It attributes to the تابع what is attributed to its متبوع . Its conditions:
That this attribution is what is intended as it might also be عطف
الجمل: TODO: example
That one of the 10 حروف العطف is between it and its متبوع: قام زيد
و عمرو
If the متبوع is a مجرور pronoun, the حرف الجرّ has to be repeated:
مررت بك و بزيد: Rule of thumb: only if the معطوف can be a substitute for the معطوف عليه
then it will follow it in being either a صفّة أو خبر أو صلة أو حال else it can't. TODO:
example of the contrary?
Two معمولs of two different عاملs may be joined if the معطوف عليه
is مجرور مقدّم: في الدار زيد و الحجرةِ عمرو: It is allowed by الفراء even when it is not
مقدّم but سيبويه doesn't allow any of this.
3. التأكيد
It is used to firmly establish an attribute of the متبوع or to indicate
that every part/individual of a universal concept falls under the same ruling.
1. لفظيّ (explicitly): By repeating the first word: جاءني زيد زيد و جاء جاء
زيد
2. معنويّ (implicitly): By using a number of words:
النفس و العَين for singulars, duals and plurals by changing the
form and its pronoun: جاءني زيد نفسُه و الزيدان انفسهما أو نفساهما and a ضمير مرفوع
متّصل must be brought with its منفصل form: ضربت أنت نفسُك
كِلا و كِلتا for the masc. and fem. duals
كلٌّ و أجمَعُ و أكتَعُ و أبتَعُ و أبصَعُ. for other than duals by
changing the ضمير for كلّ and the form in the others: جاءني القوم كلّهم أجمعون أكتعون و
قامت النساء كلّهنّ جُمَعُ كُتَعُ
Only for those words that comprise parts either physically
or legally: أكرمت القوم كلهم أو اشتريت العبد كلّه
The words from أكتع onwards can only come after أجمع and
not before it nor without it.
4. البدل (apposition or substitution) here the تابع is the actual intended object
instead of the متبوع and it has 4 types:
1. بدل الكل من الكل and it refers to the whole of the متبوع: جاءني زيد أخوك
2. بدل البعض من الكل and it refers to part of the متبوع: ضربت زيدا رأسَه
3. بدل الاشتمال which refers to something that is attached to the متبوع:
سُلب زيد ثوبُه
4. بدل اغلط which is only in speech to correct a mistake: جاءني زيد جعفر
Only in the case when you have a بدل نكرة and a متبوع معرفة it must come
with a نعت: ق:بالنّاصِيَةِ نَاصِيَةٍ كَاذِبَةٍ
5.عطف البيان: here the تابع is not a صفة of the متبوع but rather a clarification
with the more famous of 2 names for something and the متبوع is the intended object: قام أبو حفْص عمر و
قام عبد الله بن عمر
It may be confused with بدل الكل in the meaning of a sentence, depending on
whether the intended object is the تابع or the متبوع
It may not be confused explicitly as in: أنا ابنُ التاركِ البَكريِّ بِشرٍ
(here بشر cannot substitute البكري)