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المرفوعات (The nominative words) which are 8 types:
1. الفاعل: It is an اسم coming after a فعل أو صفة which is connected to it in such a way that is exists with it and is not acted upon it: قام زيد و زيد ضارب أبوه عمروا
Every فعل has a فاعل مرفوع which can be:
مظهر (clearly visible): ذهب زيد in which case the فعل will always be singular: ذهب الزيدون
If the فاعل is a مؤنث حقيقيّ (something which has a male counterpart from living things) the فعل will always be مؤنث: قامت هند
unless there is a separation in which case there is a choice: ضرب اليوم هند
Likewise for the مؤنث غير حقيقيّ: طلع الشمس
With broken plurals conforming to the gender is optional: قامت الرجال
مضمر بارز (a visible pronoun): ضربتَُِ زيدا in which case the فعل will follow the number of the فاعل: الزيدون ذهبوا and the gender: الشمس طلعت or it can beمستتر (hidden): زيد ذهب
With broken plurals conforming to the gender is optional: الرجال قامت أو قاموا
A فعل متعدي will also have a مفعول: صرب زيد عمروا
The فاعل may come after the مفعول: ضرب عمروا زيد unless both are مقصور: ضرب عيسى موسى
Due to context either the فعل and also the فاعل may be omitted such as in replies to questions: من قام؟ زيد. أقام زيد؟ نعم
The مفعول may become a نائب الفاعل: It will take the place of the فاعل with a فعل مجهول: ضُرب زيد
When 2 فعلs dispute over a single اسم ظاهر the following applies:
There are 4 possible combinations of dispute:
1. The فاعل only: ضربني و أكرمني زيد
2. The مفعول only: ضربت و أكرمت زيدا
3. فاعل و مفعول: ضربني و أكرمت زيدٌاً
4. مفعول و فاعل: ضربت و أكرمني زيد
In these cases either of the فعلs may take action
الفراء disagrees and allows only the second فعل to take over in situation 1 and 3, due to the necessity of 1 of 2 things that are not allowed:
1. Deletion of the فاعل
2. Mentioning the ضمير before mentioning what it refers to.
The Basris give preference to the second فعل doing عمل on the basis of proximity.
Here the first فعل may be in need of a فاعل by way of a ضمير accordingly: ضربوني و أكرمني الزيدون and ضربوني و أكرمت الزيدين
LINK: If the first فعل is from the أفعال القلوب its مفعول must be visible: حسبني منطلقا و حسبت زيدا منطلقا else it may be deleted as in situation 2 and 4.
The Kufis give preference to the first فعل doing عمل on the basis of first come first serve
Here the second فعل may be in need of a فاعل ضمير: ضربني و أكرموني الزيدون و ضربت و أكرموني الزيدين
If both فعلs are not from the أفعال القلوب then the مفعول of the second فعل may either be deleted or come as a ضمير: ضربت و أكرمتهم الزيدين
2. نائب الفاعل or مفعول ما لم يسمّ فاعله (The object where the subject is not mentioned): ضُرب زيد and it follows the same rules regarding the agreement of number and gender as the normal فاعل
3. المبتدأ و الخبر
They are مرفوع without any explicit عامل but an implied one of الابتداء (The start): زيد قائم
The مبتدأ is originally معرفة and a مسند إليه (exists independently)
It can be a صفة when it comes after a حرف النفي أو الاستفهام: ما قائم زيد و أقائم زيد
The خبر is originally نكرة and a مسند به (needs something else to exist)
However if the نكرة has a صفة or other specification it may come as a مبتدأ: أ رجل في الدار أم امرأة و ما احد خير منك و في الدار رجل و سلام عليك
TODO: include baht on making a nakirat specific/special which will explain the examples
It can also occur as a جملة: زيد أبوه قائم و زيد قام أبوه و زيد إن جاءني فأكرمته
زيد خلفك and here the ظرف will be connected to an implied deleted verb such as استقر
These sentences will all need a ضمير that refers back to the مبتدأ but this may be deleted due to context: البُرّ الكُرّ بستّين درهما (The wheat, a measure (of it) costs 60 dirham) and deleted from it is the ضمير: منه
It may also be brought forward: قي الدار زيد
There may be more than 1: زيد عالم فاضل عاقل
If both words are معرفة then they can be arranged either way: الله إلهنا
5. خبر إنّ و أخواتها and its 5 sisters are: أنّ كأنّ لكنّ ليْت لعلّ
They enter upon a مبتدأ و خبر and make them منصوب و مرفوع respectively: إنّ زيدا قائم
Bringing the خبر before its اسم is not allowed except with a ظرف: إنّ فب الدار زيدا
6. اسم كان و أخواتها TODO: link to section under الفعل
صار أصبح أمسى أضحى
These verbs enter upon a مبتدأ و خبر and render them مرفوع و منصوب respectively: كان زيد قائما
The خبر may precede the اسم and even the verb itself except with the verbs that start with ما: قائما كان زيد
There is اختلاف about whether this is allowed with ليس
7. ما و لا that resemble ليس
ما is used for نكرة و معرفة but لا is specifically used for نكرة: ما زيد قائما و لا رجل أفضل منك
8. لا لنفي الجنس (The la that negates the whole genus)