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Hidayatun Nahw
About نحو
Definition: It is a science with principles with which are known the case endings of the 3 types of words where it concerns declinable and non declinable words and the method of how they are ordered with each other. The objective is to avoid mistakes in the speech of the Arabs.
It concerns two objects:
الكلمة: it is an utterance with a single meaning and it comprises 3 types:
اسم .1
حدّه (its definition) It has a meaning which is not dependant on any of the 3 times: الماضي أو الحال أو الإستقبال
علامته (its signs) are 10:
1. يصحّ الإخبار عنه (Information is given about it): a judgement is made about it due to it being either a فاعل أو مفعول أي نائب فاعل أو مبتدأ: زيد قائم
2. ألإضافة (construct phrase): غلام زيد
3. لام التعريف: الرجل
4 & 5. جرّ و تنوين: بزيدٍ
6. التثنية: رجلان
7. الجمع: طالبون
8. النعت: رجل عالم
9. التصغير: رُجَيل
10. النداء: يا زيدُ
2. فعل: It has a meaning which is connected to one of 3 time frames and its meaning is given by its مصدر
علامته (its signs) are 10:
1. It gives information about something and it not informed about.
2-5. The entering of قد و السين و سَوفَ و الجزم
6. Its form is changed to make it ماضي أو مضارع
7. It can be a أمر أو نهي
8. The attachment of the ضمير المرفوع البارز (the visible nominative pronoun): ضربتَُِ
9. The تاء التأنيث الساكن: ضربتْ
10. The two نونs of emphasis: ليضربنّ و ليضربنْ
3. حرف: It has no meaning in itself but indicates a meaning in something else. It is not specifically intended such as مسند و مسند إليه rather it comes on the side (حرف أو طرف)
علامته (its signs)
1. No information is given about it nor does it inform about anything else.
2. None of the signs of the فعل أو أسم are present.
It is used to connect:
two اسمs: زيد قي الدار
two فعلs: أريد أن تَضربَ
اسم و فعل: ضربتُ بالخشبة
two sentences: إن جاءني زيد أكرَمتُه
Others, see section of الحرف
الكلام
Definition: speech in which 2 words are joined with a connection between them, from one to the other, so that it forms a complete statement or sentence.